Editorial Reviews

Book Description
Knowledge Representation, which lies at the core of Artificial Intelligence, is concerned with encoding knowledge on computers to enable systems to reason automatically.

The Handbook of Knowledge Representation is an up-to-date review of twenty-five key topics in knowledge representation, written by the leaders of each field.

This book is an essential resource for students, researchers and practitioners in all areas of Artificial Intelligence.

* Make your computer smarter
* Handle qualitative and uncertain information
* Improve computational tractability to solve your problems easily
Product Details


Hardcover: 1034 pages
Publisher: Elsevier Science (December 27, 2007)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0444522115
ISBN-13: 978-0444522115Do you think it is possible? This is must read material. I am so engrossed in it right now that it is amazing.

I will be the first to start this. I think we are holding back on our abilities to create a viable artificial intelligence with the fears of robots taking over mankind and such.

i think we would have a better world and advance further in science and exploration if we were to create a AI that we could work with and vice versa.

I believe AI is inevitable. You realize that once AI is self-aware there will be no stopping it.

A nice sample of AI and where it could go is in the Orion's Arm community (http://www.orionsarm.com/intro.html). Take a look at the Encyclopedia Galactica (http://www.orionsarm.com/eg/index.html)for some enlightenment and enjoyable reading

ai etymologically, Artificial Intelligence, although the original use of the term "artificial" has long since become meaningless in this context. Broadly speaking ai means any non-organic sentient (http://www.orionsarm.com/eg/s/Se-Sg.html#sentient) being, although most often applied to those of SI:1 (http://www.orionsarm.com/eg/s/Sa-Sb.html#S1) or greater (in contrast to aioids (http://www.orionsarm.com/eg/a/Ai-Ak.html#aioid)). When spelt in lower case can refer either to any aioid as well.

The number of types and subtypes of ai are innumerable (far more than than even the billions of known biological species (http://www.orionsarm.com/eg/s/Sp-Sr.html#species)), although these can generally be reduced to a few basic categories. Some are able to expand their capabilities exponentially, others are more limited. Some work to actively reproduce themselves, others merely maintain their own existence or even be self destructive. Some AIs, although quite intelligent, but have their reasoning abilities directed along narrow channels, such an AI is 'slaved (http://www.orionsarm.com/eg/s/Sj-Sn.html#slave_ai)' for a particular task, such as piloting a ship or safekeeping a space colony.
http://www.orionsarm.com/images/more.gif more (http://www.orionsarm.com/sophontology/ai.html)

We're still a step away or two from the computing hardware that will allow a machine to be as capable as a human being, but that's only a temporary hurdle.

The social, economic and political changes that will come as a result of the new technology will be intriguing to say the least!

What happens when creativity needs to be a characteristic that allows development? A business computer might not be able to make the leaps without ties that change business models into something better or just alternative. We could stagnate our development as a result!

A breakthru I anticipate is the AI at the nano-scale.
Engines of Creation (http://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/EOC/EOC_Chapter_5.html) explores this in depth and is a very nice reading adventure into the realms of future possibilities.

The AI Race

Companies and governments worldwide support AI work because it promises commercial and military advantages. The United States has many university artificial intelligence laboratories and a host of new companies with names like Machine Intelligence Corporation, Thinking Machines Corporation, Teknowledge, and Cognitive Systems Incorporated. In October of 1981 (http://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/EOC/EOC_References.html#0087) the Japanese Ministry of Trade and Industry announced a ten-year, $850 million program to develop advanced AI hardware and software. With this, Japanese researchers plan to develop systems able to perform a billion logical inferences per second. In the fall of 1984 the Moscow Academy of Science announced a similar, five-year, $ 100 million effort. In October of 1983 the U.S. Department of Defense announced a five-year, $600 million Strategic Computing Program; they seek machines able to see, reason, understand speech, and help manage battles. As Paul Wallich reports in the IEEE Spectrum (http://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/EOC/EOC_References.html#0088), "Artificial intelligence is considered by most people to be a cornerstone of next-generation computer technology; all the efforts in different countries accord it a prominent place in their list of goals."

Advanced AI will emerge step by step, and each step will pay off in knowledge and increased ability. As with molecular technology (and many other technologies), attempts to stop advances in one city, county, or country will at most let others take the lead. A miraculous success in stopping visible AI work everywhere would at most delay it and, as computers grow cheaper, let it mature in secret, beyond public scrutiny. Only a world state of immense power and stability could truly stop AI research everywhere and forever - a "solution" of bloodcurdling danger, in light of past abuses of merely national power. Advanced AI seems inevitable. If we hope to form a realistic view of the future, we cannot ignore it.

In a sense, artificial intelligence will be the ultimate tool because it will help us build all possible tools. Advanced AI systems could maneuver people out of existence, or they could help us build a new and better world. Aggressors could use them for conquest, or foresighted defenders could use them to stabilize peace. They could even help us control AI itself. The hand that rocks the AI cradle may well rule the world.

As with assemblers, we will need foresight and careful strategy to use this new technology safely and well. The issues are complex and interwoven with everything from the details of molecular technology to employment and the economy to the philosophical basis of human rights. The most basic issues, though, involve what AI can do.

http://www.ai-directory.com/img/logo.png (http://www.ai-directory.com/)
Directory of Web Resources for the Artificial Intelligence Community



AI in Education (http://www.ai-directory.com/ai-in-education-p1-7.html) (12)
Assessment (http://www.ai-directory.com/assessment-p1-40.html), Authoring Tools (http://www.ai-directory.com/authoring-tools-p1-39.html), Collaborative Learning (http://www.ai-directory.com/collaborative-learning-p1-35.html),

Data Mining (http://www.ai-directory.com/data-mining-p1-2.html) (24)
Bayesian Networks (http://www.ai-directory.com/bayesian-networks-p1-85.html), Classification Rules (http://www.ai-directory.com/classification-rules-p1-86.html), Clustering (http://www.ai-directory.com/clustering-p1-84.html),

Miscellaneous (http://www.ai-directory.com/miscellaneous-p1-26.html) (14)
AI Courses (http://www.ai-directory.com/ai-courses-p1-153.html), AI History (http://www.ai-directory.com/ai-history-p1-29.html), AI Humor (http://www.ai-directory.com/ai-humor-p1-30.html),

AI in Games (http://www.ai-directory.com/ai-in-games-p1-24.html) (27)
Adventure Games (http://www.ai-directory.com/adventure-games-p1-65.html), AI Engines for Games (http://www.ai-directory.com/ai-engines-for-games-p1-134.html), Artificial Life (http://www.ai-directory.com/artificial-life-p1-58.html),

Groups and People (http://www.ai-directory.com/groups-and-people-p1-20.html) (56)
Blogs (http://www.ai-directory.com/blogs-p1-150.html), Companies (http://www.ai-directory.com/companies-p1-23.html), Conferences (http://www.ai-directory.com/conferences-p1-109.html),

Natural Language... (http://www.ai-directory.com/natural-language-p1-3.html) (6)
Companies (http://www.ai-directory.com/companies-p1-146.html), Speech Acts and Plans (http://www.ai-directory.com/speech-acts-and-plans-p1-132.html), Speech Generation (http://www.ai-directory.com/speech-generation-p1-126.html),

Applications (http://www.ai-directory.com/applications-p1-15.html) (6)
Business Intelligence (http://www.ai-directory.com/business-intelligence-p1-152.html), Chemistry and Biochemistry (http://www.ai-directory.com/chemistry-and-biochemistry-p1-62.html), Expert Systems (http://www.ai-directory.com/expert-systems-p1-92.html),

Intelligent agents (http://www.ai-directory.com/intelligent-agents-p1-16.html) (3)
Companies (http://www.ai-directory.com/companies-p1-143.html), Toolkits and Software (http://www.ai-directory.com/toolkits-and-software-p1-115.html),

Neural Networks (http://www.ai-directory.com/neural-networks-p1-5.html) (10)
Artificial Neural Networks (http://www.ai-directory.com/artificial-neural-networks-p1-120.html), Companies (http://www.ai-directory.com/companies-p1-147.html), Fuzzy Neural Network (http://www.ai-directory.com/fuzzy-neural-network-p1-121.html),

Automated Planning (http://www.ai-directory.com/automated-planning-p1-4.html) (10)
Multiagent Planning (http://www.ai-directory.com/-multiagent-planning-p1-54.html), Case-Based Planning (http://www.ai-directory.com/case-based-planning-p1-53.html), Classical Planning (http://www.ai-directory.com/classical-planning-p1-45.html),

Knowledge Repres... (http://www.ai-directory.com/knowledge-repres-p1-1.html) (15)
Companies (http://www.ai-directory.com/companies-p1-144.html), Logics (http://www.ai-directory.com/logics-p1-10.html), Ontologies (http://www.ai-directory.com/ontologies-p1-9.html),

Reasoning (http://www.ai-directory.com/reasoning-p1-27.html) (5)
Abductive Reasoning (http://www.ai-directory.com/abductive-reasoning-p1-75.html), Analogical Reasoning (http://www.ai-directory.com/analogical-reasoning-p1-42.html), Case-Based Reasoning (http://www.ai-directory.com/case-based-reasoning-p1-41.html),

Cognitive Sciences (http://www.ai-directory.com/cognitive-sciences-p1-14.html) (5)
Cognitive Modelling (http://www.ai-directory.com/cognitive-modelling-p1-102.html), Companies (http://www.ai-directory.com/companies-p1-140.html), Philosophy (http://www.ai-directory.com/philosophy-p1-123.html),

Machine Learning (http://www.ai-directory.com/machine-learning-p1-6.html) (15)
Appromixate Inference Techn. (http://www.ai-directory.com/appromixate-inference-techn-p1-101.html), Bayesian Learning (http://www.ai-directory.com/bayesian-learning-p1-93.html), Companies (http://www.ai-directory.com/companies-p1-145.html),

Robotics (http://www.ai-directory.com/robotics-p1-17.html) (4)
Companies (http://www.ai-directory.com/companies-p1-149.html), Toolkits and Software (http://www.ai-directory.com/toolkits-and-software-p1-113.html),

Table of Contents (Full Version (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/contents.html))

Preface (html (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/preface.html)); chapter map (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/chapter-map.html)
Part I Artificial Intelligence
1 Introduction
2 Intelligent Agents
Part II Problem Solving
3 Solving Problems by Searching
4 Informed Search and Exploration
5 Constraint Satisfaction Problems (pdf (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/newchap05.pdf))
6 Adversarial Search
Part III Knowledge and Reasoning
7 Logical Agents (pdf (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/newchap07.pdf))
8 First-Order Logic
9 Inference in First-Order Logic
10 Knowledge Representation
Part IV Planning
11 Planning (pdf (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/newchap11.pdf))
12 Planning and Acting in the Real World
Part V Uncertain Knowledge and Reasoning
13 Uncertainty
14 Probabilistic Reasoning
15 Probabilistic Reasoning Over Time
16 Making Simple Decisions
17 Making Complex Decisions
Part VI Learning
18 Learning from Observations
19 Knowledge in Learning
20 Statistical Learning Methods (pdf (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/newchap20.pdf))
21 Reinforcement Learning
Part VII Communicating, Perceiving, and Acting
22 Communication
23 Probabilistic Language Processing
24 Perception
25 Robotics
Part VIII Conclusions
26 Philosophical Foundations
27 AI: Present and Future
Bibliography (pdf (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/newchapbib.pdf) and counts (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/bibcounts.html))
Index (html (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/aima-index.html) or pdf (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/newchapind.pdf))

The Link to this source (http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/)

As others have said above, AI is inevitable. While I don't think we have to worry about visions of SkyNet raining down on us from above anytime soon, or at least in our lifetimes, I do think that primitive AI machines will be here within the next 50 years.

Based upon cultures, Japan is likely to be where the first 'AI' machines evolve since they already embrace robots as social helpers (hospitals, etc.). When the day does come I will also bet that it won't even be known because the development process will be so gradual that there will never been a sudden turning point of "This is AI!" in the industry.

There are already machines that can make other machines, there are machines that can makes 'guestimates' based upon prior experience, there are machines that 'read' human expressions, there are machines that are programmed to survive & protect itself, there are machines that can move on their own free will based upon sensory input... the day will come when all of those traits & more are rolled into one.

Autonomous Sword - A Killing Machine

Armed Robots to March into Battle (http://www.defenselink.mil/transformation/articles/2004-12/ta120604c.html) By Sgt. Lorie Jewell / Army News Service

http://www.defenselink.mil/transformation/images/photos/2004-12/articles/ai20041206c1.jpg

Robotic Sentry Gun From USMechatronics (http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=502)


http://www.technovelgy.com/graphics/content05/sentry-gun.jpg
http://www.technovelgy.com/graphics/content05/sentry-gun-image.jpg

SWORDS will be the first
armed automaton to see combat (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6852832/)


http://msnbcmedia4.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/050124/050124_robot_warrior_vmed.widec.jpg

I'm thinking Skwirl' just wants a T-100 terminator! :p

T-x - She's hot

ok skwirl i agree she is hot but i think when they say 'love hurts' i think it would be literal.

>> Begin Mindpixel IQ Test (http://www.mindpixel.com/Online.asp) <<

Mindpixel Fast and Easy Intelligence Quotient Test

Measuring Human Intelligence via Machine Learning. Its a simple IQ test administered, programmed, modified and scored via an Artificial Intelligence Engine. Its a variation of the original Mindpixel Project by the author of Questsin.net
This Quick IQ test is different than a conventional IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test in that it rates you against the distribution of previous collected responses (answers, wrong answers and guesses) and the amount of time it took others to respond to them.
The questions are designed to be short, quick and simple. Every test is random, simplistic in nature and quickly answerable. Eliminating any social, racial, and economic dependencies. In effect, leveling the playing field.
IQ Scoring is related to measuring response time in relation to the “Answering a simple relevant question with relevant answer” versus "the ability to recognize and classify a nonsensical question".
IQ Questions in between were the solution is more fuzzy is also taken into consideration. Answering Maybe, vs. Yes/No has a lesser favorable score.
Guesses are also encouraged; as in life we do not always have the luxury of “leaving a question unanswered”.
Incorrect answers are penalized.
This IQ test dos not have a specific end point; the end point is actually random. Most IQ tests taken are very short and quick, completed in only a few minutes. One in every thousand will not end. Sometimes knowing when to quit is a sign of intelligence, or is it? since you will never get the reward of your IQ test score!
In the end of the IQ Test you will receive a small reward!

Good luck and have fun!

The original Mindpixel project (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindpixel)has been inspirational and the basis for the new Mindpixelquestsin Project. The variation is to allow the system to auto generate the postulates and let the end users come to a consensus as to the correct answer via the frame work of an IQ Test.

Welcome to Generation5! (http://www.generation5.org/) Generation5 aims to be the most comprehensive Artificial Intelligence site on the Internet. Community-orientated, Generation5 deals with all AI topics including robotics, neural networks, genetic algorithms, AI programming, home automation and much more.

The Turing Archive (http://www.cs.usfca.edu/www.AlanTuring.net/turing_archive/index.html) for the History of Computing is a major Internet project

The MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, or CSAIL (http://www.csail.mit.edu/index.php), was formed on July 1st, 2003 by the merger of the Artificial Intelligence Lab and the Laboratory for Computer Science, each with four decades of rich history. In so doing, the merger created the largest interdepartmental laboratory on campus, with nearly eight hundred members and ninety-plus principal investigators. CSAIL members come from seven academic departments -- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Mathematics, Aeronautics and Astronautics, Brain and Cognitive Science, Mechanical Engineering, Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, and the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology. CSAIL is also the home of the World Wide Web Consortium.

The primary mission of CSAIL is research in both computer science and artificial intelligence, broadly construed. It is organized into three directorates:
Artificial Intelligence: This area of research aims to understand and develop systems - living and artificial - capable of intelligent reasoning, perception and behavior. Specific research areas include: classical AI, computational biology, computer graphics, computer vision, human language technology, machine learning, medical informatics, robotics, and the semantic web.
Systems: This area of research aims to discover common principles, models, metrics, and tools of computer systems, both hardware and software. Specific research areas include compilers, computer architecture and chip design, operating systems, programming languages, and computer networks.
Theory: This area of research studies the mathematics of computation and its consequences. Specific research areas include algorithms, complexity theory, computational geometry, cryptography, distributed computing, information security, and quantum computing.

Much of the research at CSAIL is done as projects by faculty members working with undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, plus research staff. Sometimes a large number of PIs collaborate on lab-wide projects that cut across directorates, such as the Oxygen Project or the T-Party Project.
Research at CSAIL is sponsored by a large number of US government agencies (including NSF, DARPA, NIH, AFOSR, NASA, ONR), a wide spectrum of US and international companies (including Quanta Computers, Nokia, Shell, Microsoft, Toyota, NTT, Boeing, DuPont, SAP, Cisco, and Pfizer), and other organizations (including the Singapore-MIT Alliance, ITRI, DSTA, CSIRO, the Delta Environmental and Educational Foundation, and the Epoch Foundation).

Tasks of Biota.org (http://www.biota.org/news/)
1. To sponsor an annual conference on cyber-biology bringing together international experts in relevant fields for presentations, discussions, and the exploration of sites that inspire work in the digital realm with lessons about the evolution of life on Earth.
2. To engage in building and hosting biologically inspired environments to demonstrate concepts such as generating artificial plants from algorithmic seeds, the formation of a digital ecosystem using a token economy with equivalents for energy and resources, the setting up of predator prey relationships within such an ecosystem, and the establishment of multi-user interaction within a virtual world inhabited by digital biota.
3. To incorporate in cyber-biology systems engines for realistic physics, emergent and learned behaviour, and networked mobile code so that the environments are continuously evolving.
4. To define an open-standard and open-source tools, modules, protocols, grammars and methods for the collaborative design and creation of cyber-biological systems.
5. To establish a public repository for these creations which supports their continuous evolution within a networked environment.
Definition of Digital Biota
Digital Biota (also called cyber-biota) are a class of self-replicating autonomous software objects which can be embodied by (benevolent) computer viruses and worms, artificial life programs, cellular automata, genetic algorithms, and general adaptive networks. Once released they live or die by their own decisions as they interact with their environment. They are usually capable of reproduction - if they also have the ability to mutate and be affected by the force of natural selection to some degree then they can evolve.
Digital Biotes are differentiated from semi-autonomous objects which includes artificial intelligences, software agents and bots. These generally have only limited control of their own functionality, operate according to outside goals, and do not reproduce.
Digital biota can be incarnated or given a physical presence by putting them inside a robot. This means that tele-presence devices can at times contain digital biota. Digital organisms do not have a visual appearance other than one they are given so humans can interact with them. This appearance can be a 2D or 3D computer generated image or animation and may be representative of the functions and abilities of the organism.

In my opinion it is not possible.The intelligence is on birth itself.

The intelligence is on birth itself.

What the heck is that supposed to mean?

What the heck is that supposed to mean?I think that he/she means that in their view "intelligence" starts at the moment of birth, of life, so since a machine isn't born that it can not be intelligent.

Oh, ok. I get it now.
Perhaps we should refer to AI as sentience

But is a newborn baby sentient?

AI forms a background to my latest book called "The enemy is within!", though it is the ships that are self aware and they are not the enemy. Take a peek at the webpage my agents have set up for it - http://www.wlwritersagency.com/TheEnemyIsWithin.html - and you can find an extract in my Amazon Blog which gives a taster.

That webpage looks pretty nice Patrick. Tho I don't have the money to buy books right now I think you will do just fine.
If you want more exposure join clipmarks and clip your page. It is a worldwide audience and there quite a few readers there that may find your work interesting. When you clip your page the clip links back to it automatically.

AI forms a background to my latest book called "The enemy is within!", though it is the ships that are self aware and they are not the enemy. Take a peek at the webpage my agents have set up for it - http://www.wlwritersagency.com/TheEnemyIsWithin.html - and you can find an extract in my Amazon Blog which gives a taster.Since Patrick forgot to include the link... :p

http://www.amazon.com/gp/pdp/profile/A2NIDDN58BFFZ2

Thanks Kevin :D that was a silly oversight on my part! I should also mention that I wrote a short story which features an encounter with an AI ship by the lead character in my books for Residential Aliens. Titled "Harry and the thinking machine", it was published in their anthology entitled Residential Aliens Anthology, Volume 1 and can be found at http://residentialaliens.blogspot.com/2007/08/awakening.html or http://www.lulu.com/content/1246528 two more of my short stories are also published by this e-zine.

The web page is a start I feel - but I am also waiting on a response from two UK publishers .....

So, what page did I visit?

Is it ok if I clip the pages?

Sorry to confuse, you must have visited either my Amazon Profile or my WL Writers Agents Page, I think I have given both on here before. Please feel free to "clip" as many as you like. And thanks to all for the encouragement and support.

Another aplogy - I'm currently in Iran on a work related visit so replying and posting isn't easy!

When I try to pay a bill by phone and find that I'm talking to a machine I realize that we've already cross that threshold. As time goes on the degree of sophistication will just get better, even better than the movie "AI" which I didn't like on first viewing becuse of the ending, but on second viewing I came to like the movie. I built my first "robot" 30 years ago with transistor technology and the "Mother Grok?" has been with me ever since, though most of the time she sits quietly in the studio considering "stasis."

Mother Grok....I like that!

"Mother Grok".....tee hee.....sounds like my mother in law